This article examines three European examples of the “biennale” phenomenon from 2012 to explore the curatorial conventions and economic interests of so-called “biennial culture” and “biennialization”. The twentieth-century system of nation-specific museum/gallery institutions is in competition with the recent system of influential international biennials. This poses challenges to artists on the Left who are aware of the interests of economic capital in the “globalisation” of the art market through the system of biennales and seek ways to critique these examples of capitalism’s culture of spectacle, either from within specific biennales or from outside the system itself.

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“Berlin, Paris, Liverpool: ‘Biennialization’ and Left Critique in 2012”